Scurta istorie a tipografiei (partea 2)


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Imagine creata folosind cromolitografia

Imagine creata folosind cromolitografia

(1837) Cromolitografia este o metoda pentru a crea printuri multi-colore. Acest tip de imprimare color provine din procesul litografiei si include toate tipurile de litografie care sunt imprimate in culori. Cand cromolitografia este folosita sa reproduca fotografii, termenul fotocrom este folosit in mod uzual. Litografii au gasit un mod de a imprima suprafete plate folosind substante chimice, in loc de a folosi imprimarea in relief sau intaglio.

(1843) O presa rotativa de tipografie este o presa de tipografie in care imaginile care urmeaza a fi printate sunt curbate pe un cilindru. Imprimarea poate fi facuta pe un numar mare de substraturi, incluzand hartie, carton si plastic. Substraturile pot fi coli sau role de hartie.
Imprimarea cu tambur rotativ a fost inventata de Richard March Hoe in 1843, perfectata in 1846 si patentata in 1847. (unele surse il citeaza pe parizianul Hippolyte Auguste Marinoni (1823, 7 ianuarie 1904) ca inventatorul presei rotative.Astazi, exista 3 tipuri principale de presa rotativa; offset (care se stie si ca web offset), rotogravura si flexo (prescurtarea de la flexografie). Toate cele 3 tipurile folosesc cilindrii, dar metoda in care ii folosesc variaza.
Tipografie cu tehnologie offset

Tipografie cu tehnologie offset

(1875) Imprimarea offset este o tehnica de imprimare cunoscuta in care imaginea impregnata cu cerneala este transferata (sau offsetata) de pe o placa pe o patura de cauciuc, si apoi pe suprafata pe care se doreste printarea. Cand se foloseste in combinatie cu procesul litografic, care se bazeaza pe repulsia apei si a uleiului, tehnica offset foloseste un purtator de imagine plat (planografic) pe care imaginea care se vrea printata obtine cerneala de la rolele de cerneala, in timp ce zona ce nu se va tipari atrage un strat pe baza de apa numit “solutia fantanii”, tinand astfel zonele ce nu vor fi printate, fara cerneala.

Dezvoltarea imprimarii offset a venit in 2 versiuni : in 1875, de Robert Barclay din Anglia pentru tiparirea pe tabla, si in 1903 de Ira Washington Rubel din Statele Unite pentru tiparirea pe hartie.

Afis tiparit cu hectograf

Afis tiparit cu hectograf

(Secolul 19) Hectograful sau multiplicatorul cu gelatina sau jellygraf-ul este un proces de imprimare care implica transferul unui original, preparat cu cerneli speciale, intr-o tava cu gelatina.

(1886) In tipografie,  crearea literelor cu metal lichid se refera la o tehnologie a secolului al 19-lea. Aceasta metoda injecta metal topit intr-o forma care avea forma uneia sau a mai multor glife. Modelele rezultate sunt mai tarziu folosite pentru a presa cerneala pe hartie.
Multiplicatorul de sablon sau mimeograful

Multiplicatorul de sablon sau mimeograful

(1890) Multiplicatorul de sablon sau mimeograful (adesea abreviat mimeo) este o presa de tipografie ieftina care functioneaza prin impingerea cernelei printr-un sablon, pe hartie.
Alaturi de hectograf, mimeograful a fost folosit pentru multe decade pentru a tipari diverse hartii in birouri, materiale didactice pentru invatamant si ziarele bisericilor. De asemenea au fost esentiale pentru dezvoltarea fanzinelor deoarece costul lor redus de productie si faptul ca erau prezente peste tot a facut posibila publicarea scrierilor de amatori. Aceste tehnologii au inceput sa fie inlocuite de fotocopiat si printingul offset ieftin, in anii 1960.
Desi mimeografele raman mult mai economice si mai eficiente din punct de vedere al consumului de energie, usurinta folosirii copiatorului si imprimarii offset au inlocuit mimeograful peste tot in tarile dezvoltate. Mimeografele continua sa fie folosite in tarile in curs de dezvoltare pentru ca reprezinta o tehnologie simpla, ieftina si robusta. Multe mimeografe pot fi actionate manual, si deci, nu necesita energie electrica.

(1907) Serigrafiaeste o tehnica de imprimare care foloseste o plasa tesuta pentru a sustine un sablon care blocheaza cerneala. Sablonul atasat formeaza zone deschise care transfera cerneala pe alte materiale printabile, si poate fi presat prin plasa tesuta ca o imagine cu contururi precise pe un substrat. Un roller sau un squeegee este deplasat peste sablon, fortand cerneala sa intre prin locurile deschise din plasa tesuta. Serigrafia este de asemenea o metoda stencil de tiparire in care un design este impus pe un ecran de matase sau alta tesatura fina, cu zone albe acoperite cu o substanta impermeabila, si cerneala este impinsa prin tesatura pe suprafata printabila. Aceasta metoda este deasemenea cunoscuta ca si serigrafie sau imprimare prin ecran de matase.(va urma)

Ecran de matase (imprimarea cu matase - serigrafie)

Ecran de matase (imprimarea cu matase - serigrafie)

Ecran de matase 2 (imprimarea cu matase - serigrafie)

Ecran de matase 2 (imprimarea cu matase - serigrafie)

Ecran de matase 3 (imprimarea cu matase - serigrafie)

Ecran de matase 3 (imprimarea cu matase - serigrafie)

Ecran de matase 4 (imprimarea cu matase - serigrafie)

Ecran de matase 4 (imprimarea cu matase - serigrafie)

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3 comments on “Scurta istorie a tipografiei (partea 2)


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  1. Strict Standards: call_user_func_array() expects parameter 1 to be a valid callback, non-static method GA_Filter::comment_author_link() should not be called statically in /var/www/vhosts/terranita.ro/httpdocs/blog/wp-includes/plugin.php on line 170
    unoradean on said:

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    Buna as fi interesat daca m-ati putea ajuta in ale tampografiei cu sfaturi practice(sint incepator),cite secunde sa tin cliseul expus la lampa uv,cumprepar exact vopseaua sa nu se usuce un raport in grame exact,etc.Va multumesc anticipat.


      Strict Standards: call_user_func() expects parameter 1 to be a valid callback, non-static method SFWform::SFWlist_comments() should not be called statically in /var/www/vhosts/terranita.ro/httpdocs/blog/wp-includes/comment-template.php on line 1334

    • Strict Standards: call_user_func_array() expects parameter 1 to be a valid callback, non-static method GA_Filter::comment_author_link() should not be called statically in /var/www/vhosts/terranita.ro/httpdocs/blog/wp-includes/plugin.php on line 170
      admin on said:

      Strict Standards: call_user_func_array() expects parameter 1 to be a valid callback, non-static method GA_Filter::comment_text() should not be called statically in /var/www/vhosts/terranita.ro/httpdocs/blog/wp-includes/plugin.php on line 170

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      Pentru aceasta va rog sa contactati una din multele firme care se ocupa in special cu tampografia, serigrafia, printing-ul pe items in general. Noi
      suntem importator direct de produse, lucram in aria aceasta, dar nu avem imprimerie proprie.


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    Alexandru on said:

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    Buna ziua !
    As vrea sa va rog sa-mi dati niste date bibliografice ce privesc acest text , carti , reviste , etc. de unde ati luat informatia din acest post si postul precedent: http://www.terranita.ro/blog/2011/07/18/istoria-tipografiei/

    Va voi fi recunoscator sa-mi dati un raspuns cat mai curand !
    Va Multumesc si va urez mari succese !


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